Yumi's comment about being Korean as "just another horrible encumbrance" demonstrates to us how present and large discrimination and prejudice were in Japan during this time period. Also, Yumi's comment in which she describes Japan as "a beloved stepmother who refused to love you" shows the complicated relationship that exists between Korea and Japan. This makes the readers think: should Japan look out for its more vulnerable bins of citizens and make sure they are integrated into society. The analogy of the stepmother who refuses to love you suggests that Japan is not doing its part to make sure that all of its citizens feel welcomed into the culture and community. A stepmother should care for her stepchildren, even if they aren't her blood because they are innocent and vulnerable and have nowhere else to turn.
It is clear to me that gender plays a large role in Pachinko. Sunja has many social pressures that consume her life. Most of these social pressures are a result of her being female. For example, when she gets pregnant while being single, she is pressured to leave her life in Korea behind to find a man to marry and provide for her so that she is not judged by society. This demonstrates that society is not supporting women to live independent lives and/or pursue an education. The only expectations for women include being good mothers and good wives. Another example of gender roles playing a big role in Pachinko is women as part of the workforce. In Japan, it becomes apparent that women aren't encouraged to work. In fact, Yoseb takes it as a hit to his ego as a man when Sunja and Kyunghee tell him they wish to work. He is insulted because in Japan, a man is supposed to provide for women.
The beloved stepmother analogy is perfect because it not only represents the vulnerability of Koreans and refusal to support the by the Japanese, but also the yearn by Koreans to be part of the society. Just like the desire for the step child to be loved by the stepmother. But in both cases, that love, care, support is not given.
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